Pop-up ads experienced a remarkable climb in the late 1990s and early 2000s, initially offering a seemingly simple way for businesses to reach a vast audience. Driven by their immediate visibility, these intrusive boxes became ubiquitous across the internet , generating substantial earnings for publishers and advertisers . However, user annoyance r

The pervasive nature of ad fraud poses a significant challenge to the digital advertising industry. This comparative analysis investigates the diverse strategies employed by fraudsters and unveils their consequences on advertisers, publishers, and consumers. By evaluating various deceptive practices across different platforms and geographies, this